Important Alloys And Their Composition Pdf

Introduction: Aluminium, Its Properties, Alloys and Finishes 1. HISTORY, PROPERTIES AND ALLOYS The history of the light metal industry, as that of many other industries in this century, is one of notable and ever accelerating expansion and development. There are few people today who are not familiar with at least some modern.

Nickel is a versatile metal that is found in abundance in the earth’s crust and core. First discovered and isolated by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, a Swedish chemist and mineralogist, nickel exhibits several desirable properties that render it useful in industrial applications. For one, nickel is highly ductile and is valuable as an alloying element to alter the properties of other metals. For example, grades of stainless steel can be created by the addition of nickel to produce alloys that offer corrosion resistance and high-temperature endurance, making them ideal for uses in chemical plants where exposure to caustic substances may be expected.

This article will focus on reviewing the different types of nickel alloys that are commonly available. The alloy definition in the case of nickel alloys is one in which nickel is the primary element (i.e. has the highest concentration of all the metals in the alloy).

Properties of Nickel

Nickel, whose chemical symbol is Ni, has a silvery-white appearance and is a primordial element, with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. It is magnetic at room temperature and has a Curie temperature of 253^oC (487^oF). Table 1 below summarizes some of the other key physical properties and characteristics of nickel.

Table 1 – Characteristics and Properties of Nickel (Ni)

Common Types of Nickel Alloys

Nickel will alloy easily with most metals such as copper, chromium, iron, and molybdenum. The addition of nickel to other metals alters the properties of the resulting alloy and can be used to produce desired characteristics such as improved corrosion or oxidation resistance, increased high-temperature performance, or lower coefficients of thermal expansion, for example.

The sections below present information about each of these types of nickel alloys.

Nickel-Iron Alloys

Nickel-iron alloys function in applications where the desired property is a low rate of thermal expansion. Invar 36^®, also sold with trade names of Nilo 6^® or Pernifer 6^®, exhibits a coefficient of thermal expansion that is about 1/10 that of carbon steel. This high degree of dimensional stability renders nickel-iron alloys useful in applications such as precision measurement equipment or thermostat rods. Other nickel-iron alloys with even greater concentrations of nickel are used in applications where soft magnetic properties are important, such as transformers, inductors, or memory storage devices.

Nickel-Copper Alloys

Nickel-copper alloys are very resistant to corrosion by salt water or seawater and thus find application in marine applications. As an example, Monel 400^®, also sold under the trade names Nickelvac^® 400 or Nicorros^® 400, can find application in marine piping systems, pump shafts, and seawater valves. This alloy as a minimum concentration of 63% nickel and 28-34% copper.

Nickel-Molybdenum Alloys

Nickel-molybdenum alloys offer high chemical resistance to strong acids and other reducers such as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid. The chemical makeup for an alloy of this type, such as Alloy B-2^®, has a concentration of molybdenum of 29-30% and a nickel concentration of between 66-74%. Applications include pumps and valves, gaskets, pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and piping products.

Nickel-Chromium Alloys

Nickel-chromium alloys are prized for their high corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, and high electrical resistance. For example, the alloy NiCr 70/30, also designated as Ni70Cr30, Nikrothal 70, Resistohm 70, and X30H70 has a melting point of 1380^oC and an electrical resistivity of 1.18 μΩ-m. Heating elements such as in toasters and other electrical resistance heaters make use of nickel-chromium alloys. When produced in wire form they are known as Nichrome^® wire.

Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys

Nickel-chromium-iron alloys combine these elements to produce alloys that resist oxidation and high-temperature corrosion. Alloy 800, sold under the trade names Incoloy 800^®, Ferrochronin^® 800, Nickelvac^® 800, and Nicrofer^® 3220, is used in furnace components such as petrochemical furnace cracker tubes, and as a material for sheathing of electrical heating elements. These alloys generally are also valued for their optimum creep and rupture properties at high temperatures. The composition of these alloys is typically 30-35% Nickel, 19-23% Chromium and a minimum of 39.5% Iron. The high concentration of iron has led to the reclassification of these alloys as stainless steel.

Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Alloys

With similar applications to nickel-molybdenum alloys, nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys also provide high corrosion resistance especially with regard to reducing acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. One of the best known of these alloys is Alloy C-276, also sold under the trade names Hastelloy C276^®, Nickelvac^® HC-276, Inconel^® 276, and Nicrofer^® 5716. This alloy is used in pollution control stack liners, ducts, and scrubbers, as well as in chemical processing components such as heat exchangers, evaporators, or reaction vessels. The composition of this alloy is primarily nickel with 15-17% molybdenum, 14.5-16.5% chromium, 4-7% Iron, 3-4.5% tungsten, and smaller concentrations of other elements such as manganese.

Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt Alloys

These alloys of nickel add chromium and molybdenum to add creep rupture strength to the alloy. Alloy 617 is an example, sold under the trade names Inconel 617^® and Nicrofer^® 617, which has a composition of 20-24% chromium, 10-15% cobalt, and 8-10% molybdenum with a minimum nickel content of 44.5%. Applications for these alloys include industrial furnace components, gas turbines, catalyst grid supports to produce nitric acid, and fossil fuel production facilities.

Nickel-Titanium Alloys

Nickel-titanium alloys feature shape retention of shape memory properties. By forming a shape from this alloy at a higher temperature and them deforming it from that formed shape at a lower temperature, the alloy will remember the initial shape and reform to that shape once heated to this so-called transition temperature. By controlling the composition of the alloy, the transition temperature can be altered. These alloys have a super-elastic property that can be exploited to provide, among other uses, a shock absorber against earthquake damage to help protect stone buildings.

Nickel Alloy Form Factors

Suppliers of nickel alloys offer them in a variety of form factors which commonly include:

Other material form options such as forged rings, billets, or blocks may be available from suppliers as needed by quote.

Common Nickel Alloy Trade Names

Below in Table 2 are some of the more common trade names of the types of nickel alloys sold in the marketplace.

Table 2 – Common Nickel Alloy Types and Trade Names

Summary

This article provided a brief review of the more common types of nickel alloys and their uses. For information on other products, consult our additional guides or visit the Thomas Supplier Discovery Platform to locate potential sources of supply or view details on specific products.

Sources:

Trademark notices:

The nickel alloy trade names, trademarks, and registered trademarks which are mentioned in this article are the property of their respective owners, as shown below:

1. Hastelloy^® is a registered trademark of Haynes International.
2. Monel^®, Inconel^®, Ni-Span^®, Nimonic^®, Incoloy^®, Nilo 6^®, and Nilo 42^®, and are registered trademarks of Special Metals Corporation.
3. Waspaloy 25™ is a trademark of United Technologies/ Pratt & Whitney.
4. Pernifer 6^®, Nimofer^®, and Nicorros^® are registered trademarks of ThyssenKrupp-VDM, Germany.
5. Nitronic^®,15-7 MO, 15-5 PH, 17-4 Ph, 17-7 PH, PH 13-8 MO are registered trademarks of AK Steel Corporation.
6. Maraging C250™, Maraging 250™, Maraging 300, Maraging C300^®, Maraging C350™, Rene, Nickelvac^®, Nicrofer^® & Vascomax are registered trademarks of Allegheny Technologies (ATI), Pittsburgh, PA
7. Invar 36^® is a registered trademark of Carpenter Technology Corporation.
8. Invar^® is a registered trademark of Arcelor Mittal.

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I, ____________ student of ___________________ is doing project report entitled “Constituents of An Alloys” being submitted to ___________________is an original piece of work done by me.

(Signature)

Introduction

An Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a non-metal.

An alloy of mercury with another metal is called amalgam.

Alloys are usually harder than their components but very often less ductile and less malleable. Thus the hardness of gold is increased by addition of copper to it. The melting point of an alloy is always lower than the melting points of the constituent metals. Other properties such as reactivity towards atmospheric oxygen and moisture, mechanical strength, ductility, colour etc. also under goes a change when an alloy is made from its constituents (metals). This change of properties is very useful and makes an alloy beneficial.

Project Report on Composition of Alloy : Some of the alloys along with their composition is given below.

1. Brass :-

It consists copper-50-90%.

Zinc. : 20-40%

and small amounts of tin, lead and iron.

2. Bronze : It consists copper 60-90%.

3. Tin : 5-35%

and also contains small amounts of lead, iron and zinc.

Duralumin : It consists A1 : 95%, Cu = 4%

Mn = 0.5%, Mg = 0.5%

4. Gun Metal : It consists copper 85 - 90%

5. Zinc. : 1-3%

6. Tin : 8-12%

The composition of alloys may differ slightly depending upon the quality of the alloy though the main components remain the same.

Chemistry Project Preparation of Alloys

Alloys are prepared from the techniques of fusion, compression or simultaneous electro - deposition. Generally the components are mixed together in proper properties in a fuse clay crucible, melted and stirred with a piece of charcoal to avoid oxidation. The molten mixture is now allowed to cool. When an alloy is obtained e.g. brass is prepared by above melted.

Project on Analysis of an alloy

The complete analysis of an alloy involves two steps.

1. Qualitative Analysis :

This involves identification of the components of the alloys.

2. Quantitative Analysis :

This involves determination of the components of the alloy. It involves the separation of the components from the alloy quantitatively followed by determination of percentage of each component volumetrically or gravimetrically.

In this project we will carry out qualitative analysis only.

Objectives of Project :

In this project, our aim is to know the various metals present in the given sample of alloy.

Experiment - 1 [Constituents of Alloy]

Aim : To analyze a sample of brass qualitatively.

Requirements : China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and common laboratory reagents.

Theory :

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. with the following.

Composition :

Cu = 60-90% and Zn. = 10-40%.

Thus Cu and Zn. form the main constituents of brass. Both these metals dissolved in 50% of nitric acid due to formation of nitrates which are soluble.

3 Cu + 8HNO₃ (Dil) 3 Cu (NO₃)2 + 2NO + 4H₂O

or

Cu + 8H+ + 2NO₃– 3 Cu+2 + 2NO + 4H₂O

4Zn + 10HNO₃ (Dil) 4 Zn (NO₂)2 + N₂O + 5H₂O

4Zn + 2NO₃– + 10H+ 4 Zn+2 + N₂O + 5H₂O

The solution is boiled to expel the oxides of nitrogen and the resulting solution is tested for Cu2+ and Zn+2 ions.

Procedure :

1. Place a small piece of brass in a china dish and heat this with minimum quantity of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely.

2. Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained.

3. Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add distilled water to the filtrate.

4. Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained. Separate the black ppt. and keep the filtrate for the test of Zn+2 ions Dissolve black ppt. by heating them with 50% HNO3. To this solution add ammonium hydroxide solution. Appearance of deep blue colouration in the solution shows the presence of copper ions in the solution.

5. To test Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S gas, then add solid NH4Cl to this and heat to dissolve NH4Cl. Add excess of NH4OH so that a solution is ammoniacal. Now pass H2S gas through this ammoniacal solution. Dirty white or grey precipitation indicate zinc. Separate the precipitates and dissolve it in minimum amount of dil. HCl. Boil to expel H₂S gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide solution, white or bluish white ppt. confirm Zn+2 ions in the solution.

Result :

The given sample of brass contains copper and zinc. metals as the main constituents.

Experiment - 2 [Constituents of Alloy]

Aim : Project Report to Analyze a Sample of Bronze Qualitatively.

Requirements : China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and common laboratory reagents.

Theory :

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin with the following.

Composition :

Cu = 88-96% and Sn. = 4-12%.

Thus copper and zinc. form the main constituents of bronze. Both these metals dissolved in nitric acid.

3 Cu + 8H+ + 2NO₃– 3 Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H₂O

4Sn + NO₃– + 10 H+ 4 Sn+2 + NH₄+ + 3H₂O

(Cold and Dil. Acid)

Sn + 4NO₃– + 4H+ H₂Sn O₃ + 2NO₂ + H₂O

(Conc. acid) (Metastannic Acid)

Excess of nitric acid is removed by heating the solution. The resulting solution now would contain Cu+2 ions and metastannic acid. This solution is acidified with dil. HCl and H₂S gas is passed when the sulphides of copper and tin are formed.

Cu+2 + S₂- CuS (Black ppt.)

H₂SnO₃ + 2H₂S SnS2 (Black ppt.) + 3H₂O

The sulphides are separated by boiling the ppt. with yellow ammonium sulphide when SnS2 goes into solution as thiostannate where as CuS is not affected.

SnS₂ + (NH₄)2S (NH₄)2 SnS₂ (Soluble)

Ammonium thiostannate.

CuS + (NH₄)2S CuS (Unaffected)

Black ppt.

The soluble black ppt. is tested for Cu+2 ions and the solution is tested for Sn2+ ions as in elementary qualitative analysis.

Procedure :

1. Take about 1g. of small pieces of bronze in a china dish and add to it 5-10 ml. of dil. HNO₃.

2. Heat the contents slowly to dissolve copper and tin completely and then boil the contents to a paste to remove excess of HNO₃. All this is carried out in cup board.

3. Dissolve this dry mass in distilled water containing HCl (1:1) to get a clear solution.

4. Transfer the solution in a test tube and pass H2S in excess i.e. till the precipitation is complete. Filter and reject the filtrate.

5. Take the black ppt. in a test tube and add to it 2-3 ml. of yellow ammonium sulphide and heat. Filter the contents. Black residue is tested for Cu+2 ions and filtrate is tested for Sn+2 ions.

6. Analysis of black residue :

Transfer a little of the black ppt. into a test tube. Add to it 2-3 ml. of 50%. HNO3 and boil the contents of the tube. A light blue or green sol. indicates the presence of Cu+2. Divide this sol. into two parts.

(a) To one part add excess of NH4OH a deep blue colouration confirms the presence of Cu+2 ions.

(b) Acidify the second part with acetic acid and add K4 [Fe (CN)6] i.e. potassium ferrocyanide solution. A reddish brown ppt. confirms the presence of Cu+2 ions.

7. Analysis of filtrate :

Boil the filtrate with 1 ml. of dil. HCl. A yellow ppt. is obtained. Dissolve in 1 ml. conc. HCl. To this solution add 0.5 g. of zinc. dust and boil it for 2-3 minutes. Filter and to filtrate add 1-2 ml. of mercuric chloride solution. A white ppt. turning grey on standing confirms the presence of Sn+4 ions.

Result :

The given sample of bronze contains - Cu and Sn as the main constituents.

Experiment - 3 [Constituents of Alloy]

Aim : To analyze a sample of duralumin qualitatively.

Requirements : China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and common laboratory reagents.

Theory :

Duralumin is an alloy of copper and tin with the following.

Composition :

Al = 95%, Cu = 4%, Mn = 0.5%, Mg = 0.5%

The alloy dissolves in aqua regia. The solution is tested as in an elementary qualitative analysis.

Procedure :

1. Take about 1 g. of duralumin in a china dish. Add to it about 10 ml. of aqua regia (Con. HNO3 : Con. HCl, 1:3)

2. Heat the contents of china dish strongly till the whole of the alloy dissolves and then slowly to get a paste.

3. Dissolve the paste in dil. HCl in a test tube. Pass H2S gas in excess through it till the precipitation is complete. A black ppt. is formed.

4. Filter the solution. Test the black ppt. for copper and filtrate for aluminium.

5. Test of Black ppt. :

Transfer a little of the black ppt. into a test tube. Add to it 2-3 ml. of 50%. HNO3 and boil the contents of the tube. A light blue or green sol. indicates the presence of Cu+2. Divide this sol. into two parts.

a) To one part add excess of NH4 OH - a deep blued calouration confirms the presence of Cu+2.

b) Acidify the part with acetic acid and add K4[Fe(CN)6] i.e. potassium ferrocyanide solution. A reddish brown ppl. confirms the presence of Cu+2 ions.

6) Analysis of filtrate :-

Boil the filtrate till H2S is completely removed. Add a drop of conc. HNO3 and heat add 1g of solid NH4Cl, warm and cool. Add NH4OH in excess till the solution smells of ammonia - A gelatinous white ppt in minimum dil. HCl then add a drop of blue litmus solution. Add NH4OH solution till it smells of ammonia (till it is alkaline).

A blue ppt (lake) floating in the colourless solution confirms the presence of Al3+ ion.

Results

The given sample of duralumin contains - Cu and Al as the main constituents.

Project Report Uses of alloys

i) To modify chemical reactivity :-

When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be used but its allay with mercury, called sodium amalgam can be safely used as reducing agent.

ii) To increase hardness :-

Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. Also zinc is added to copper to make copper hard in form of brass.

iii) To increase tensile strength :-

Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and aluminium (95%) has high tensile strength.

iv) To lower the melting point :-

Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn(30%) and Pb(70%) has very less meting point as compared to melting points of Sn and Pb.

v) To modify the colour :-

Aluminium bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has beautiful golden colour.

vi) To resist corrosion:-

Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes place with time but stainless steel, an alloy of iron and carbon get not rusted the composition of stainless steel is :

Iron - 98%

Carbon - 2%

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