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This documentation is intended for .NET Framework developers who want to use the managed UI Automation classes defined in the System.Windows.Automation namespace. For the latest information about UI Automation, see Windows Automation API: UI Automation.
Microsoft UI Automation is the new accessibility framework for Microsoft Windows, available on all operating systems that support Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF).
UI Automation provides programmatic access to most user interface (UI) elements on the desktop, enabling assistive technology products such as screen readers to provide information about the UI to end users and to manipulate the UI by means other than standard input. UI Automation also allows automated test scripts to interact with the UI.
Note
UI Automation does not enable communication between processes started by different users through the Run as command.
UI Automation client applications can be written with the assurance that they will work on multiple frameworks. The UI Automation core masks any differences in the frameworks that underlie various pieces of UI. For example, the Content property of a WPF button, the Caption property of a Win32 button, and the ALT property of an HTML image are all mapped to a single property, Name, in the UI Automation view.
UI Automation provides full functionality on supported Windows operating systems running the .NET Framework (see .NET Framework system requirements or versions of .NET Core starting with .NET Core 3.0.
UI Automation providers offer some support for Microsoft Active Accessibility client applications through a built-in bridging service.
Providers and Clients
UI Automation has four main components, as shown in the following table.
| Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Provider API (UIAutomationProvider.dll and UIAutomationTypes.dll) | A set of interface definitions that are implemented by UI Automation providers, objects that provide information about UI elements and respond to programmatic input. |
| Client API (UIAutomationClient.dll and UIAutomationTypes.dll) | A set of types for managed code that enables UI Automation client applications to obtain information about the UI and to send input to controls. |
| UiAutomationCore.dll | The underlying code (sometimes called the UI Automation core) that handles communication between providers and clients. |
| UIAutomationClientsideProviders.dll | A set of UI Automation providers for standard legacy controls. (WPF controls have native support for UI Automation.) This support is automatically available to client applications. |
From the software developer's perspective, there are two ways of using UI Automation: to create support for custom controls (using the provider API), and creating applications that use the UI Automation core to communicate with UI elements (using the client API). Depending on your focus, you should refer to different parts of the documentation. You can learn more about the concepts and gain practical how-to knowledge in the following sections.
| Section | Subject matter | Audience |
|---|---|---|
| UI Automation Fundamentals (this section) | Broad overviews of the concepts. | All. |
| UI Automation Providers for Managed Code | Overviews and how-to topics to help you use the provider API. | Control developers. |
| UI Automation Clients for Managed Code | Overviews and how-to topics to help you use the client API. | Client application developers. |
| UI Automation Control Patterns | Information about how control patterns should be implemented by providers, and what functionality is available to clients. | All. |
| UI Automation Text Pattern | Information about how the Text control pattern should be implemented by providers, and what functionality is available to clients. | All. |
| UI Automation Control Types | Information about the properties and control patterns supported by different control types. | All. |
The following table lists UI Automation namespaces, the DLLs that contain them, and the audience that uses them.
| Namespace | Referenced DLLs | Audience |
|---|---|---|
| System.Windows.Automation | UIAutomationClientUIAutomationTypes | UI Automation client developers; used to find AutomationElement objects, register for UI Automation events, and work with UI Automation control patterns. |
| System.Windows.Automation.Provider | UIAutomationProviderUIAutomationTypes | Developers of UI Automation providers for frameworks other than WPF. |
| System.Windows.Automation.Text | UIAutomationClientUIAutomationTypes | Developers of UI Automation providers for frameworks other than WPF; used to implement the TextPattern control pattern. |
| System.Windows.Automation.Peers | PresentationFramework | Developers of UI Automation providers for WPF. |
UI Automation Model
UI Automation exposes every piece of the UI to client applications as an AutomationElement. Elements are contained in a tree structure, with the desktop as the root element. Clients can filter the raw view of the tree as a control view or a content view. Applications can also create custom views.
AutomationElement objects expose common properties of the UI elements they represent. One of these properties is the control type, which defines its basic appearance and functionality as a single recognizable entity: for example, a button or check box.
In addition, elements expose control patterns that provide properties specific to their control types. Control patterns also expose methods that enable clients to get further information about the element and to provide input.
Note
There is not a one-to-one correspondence between control types and control patterns. A control pattern may be supported by multiple control types, and a control may support multiple control patterns, each of which exposes different aspects of its behavior. For example, a combo box has at least two control patterns: one that represents its ability to expand and collapse, and another that represents the selection mechanism. For specifics, see UI Automation Control Types.
UI Automation also provides information to client applications through events. Unlike WinEvents, UI Automation events are not based on a broadcast mechanism. UI Automation clients register for specific event notifications and can request that specific UI Automation properties and control pattern information be passed into their event handlers. In addition, a UI Automation event contains a reference to the element that raised it. Providers can improve performance by raising events selectively, depending on whether any clients are listening.
See also
-->A Microsoft UI Automation provider is a software object that exposes an element of an application's UI so that accessibility client applications can retrieve information about the element and invoke its functionality. In general, each control or other distinct element in a UI has a provider.
Microsoft includes a provider for each of the standard controls that are supplied with Microsoft Win32, Windows Forms, and Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF). This means that the standard controls are automatically exposed to UI Automation clients; you do not need to implement any accessibility interfaces for the standard controls.
If your application includes any custom controls, you need to implement UI Automation providers for those controls to make them accessible to accessibility client applications. You also need to implement providers for any third party controls that do not include a provider. You implement a provider by implementing UI Automation provider interfaces and control pattern interfaces.
This topic provides an overview of how control developers implement UI Automation providers. It includes the following sections.
- UI Automation Provider Concepts
Types of Providers
UI Automation providers fall into two categories: server-side providers, and client-side (or proxy) providers.
A server-side provider is an object, such as a custom control, that contains its own native implementation of the relevant UI Automation provider interfaces. A server-side provider communicates with client applications across the process boundary by exposing its implementation of the provider interfaces to the UI Automation core, which services requests from clients. For more information about server-side providers, see Implementing a Server-Side UI Automation Provider.
A client-side provider, or proxy, is an object that implements UI Automation provider interfaces on behalf of a control does not include a full provider implementation of its own. Without a proxy, such a control is largely opaque to UI Automation, which can supply only basic information available from the window handle (HWND), such as the control location. Typically, proxy providers communicate with the application across the process boundary by sending and receiving Windows messages. For more information, see Implementing a Client-Side (Proxy) UI Automation Provider.
UI Automation Provider Concepts
This section provides brief explanations of some of the key concepts you need to understand in order to implement UI Automation providers.
Elements
UI Automation elements are pieces of the UI—typically windows or controls—that are visible to UI Automation clients. Examples include application windows, panes, buttons, tooltips, list boxes, and list items.
UI Automation elements are exposed to clients as a tree. UI Automation constructs the tree by navigating from one element to another. Navigation is enabled by the provider for each element. Each element can point to its own parent element, its sibling elements, and its first and last child elements.
A client can see the UI Automation tree in three principal views, as described in the following table:
| View | Description |
|---|---|
| Raw view | Includes all elements. |
| Control view | Includes elements that are controls. |
| Content view | Includes control elements that convey information to the user. |
It is the responsibility of the provider implementation to define an element as a content element or a control element. Control elements may or may not also be content elements, but all content elements are control elements.
For more information on the client view of the tree, see UI Automation Tree Overview.
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Frameworks
A framework is a component that manages child controls, hit-testing, and rendering in an area of the screen. For example, a Win32 window, often referred to as an HWND, can serve as a framework that contains multiple UI Automation elements, such as a menu bar, a status bar, and buttons.
Win32 container controls such as list boxes and tree-view controls are considered to be frameworks because they contain their own code for rendering child items and performing hit-testing on them. By contrast, a WPF list box is not a framework, because the rendering and hit-testing is being handled by the containing window.
The UI in an application can be made up of different frameworks. For example, an HWND in an application might contain Dynamic HTML (DHTML) which in turn can contain a component such as a combo box in an HWND.
Fragments
A complete subtree of elements from a particular framework is called a fragment. The element at the root node of the subtree is called a fragment root. A fragment root does not have a parent, but is hosted within some other framework, usually a Win32 window (HWND).
Hosts
The root node of every fragment must be hosted in an element, usually a Win32 window (HWND). The exception is the desktop, which is not hosted in any other element. The host of a custom control is the HWND of the control itself, not the application window or any other window that might contain groups of top-level controls.
The host of a fragment plays an important role in providing UI Automation services. It enables navigation to the fragment root, and supplies some default properties so that the custom provider does not have to implement them.
Related topics
Conceptual